A Survey on Deep Learning-based Architectures for Semantic Segmentation on 2D images

Semantic segmentation is the pixel-wise labelling of an image. Since the problem is defined at the pixel level, determining image class labels only is not acceptable, but localising them at the original image pixel resolution is necessary. Boosted by the extraordinary ability of convolutional neural networks (CNN) in creating semantic, high level and hierarchical image features; excessive numbers of deep learning-based 2D semantic segmentation approaches have been proposed within the last decade. In this survey, we mainly focus on the recent scientific developments in semantic segmentation, specifically on deep learning-based methods using 2D images. We started with an analysis of the public image sets and leaderboards for 2D semantic segmantation, with an overview of the techniques employed in performance evaluation. In examining the evolution of the field, we chronologically categorised the approaches into three main periods, namely pre-and early deep learning era, the fully convolutional era, and the post-FCN era. We technically analysed the solutions put forward in terms of solving the fundamental problems of the field, such as fine-grained localisation and scale invariance. Before drawing our conclusions, we present a table of methods from all mentioned eras, with a brief summary of each approach that explains their contribution to the field. We conclude the survey by discussing the current challenges of the field and to what extent they have been solved.Comment: Updated with new studie

MUHASEBE MESLEK ETİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA “BALIKESİR MUHASEBECİSİ”NİN İNCELENMESİ

Bu çalışmanın amacı muhasebe meslek etiği ilkelerinin Reşat Nuri Güntekin’in Balıkesir Muhasebecisi eseri bağlamında incelenmesi ve dönemin ekonomik şartlarında tolumun muhasebe mesleğine bakış açısının ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Eserde geçen olaylar zincirinde muhasebeci Tahir Bey’in tutum ve davranışları meslek etiği ilkeleri (dürüstlük, tarafsızlık, mesleki yeterlilik ve özen, gizlilik ve mesleki davranış) açısından ele alınmış ve söz konusu karakterin daha yüksek kazanç sağlamak uğruna ilkelerin hiç birine uygun davranmadığı tespit edilmiştir

Mechanisms of amyloid-β34 generation indicate a pivotal role for BACE1 in amyloid homeostasis

The beta‑site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) was discovered due to its “amyloidogenic” activity which contributes to the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. However, BACE1 also possesses an “amyloidolytic” activity, whereby it degrades longer Aβ peptides into a non‑toxic Aβ34 intermediate. Here, we examine conditions that shift the equilibrium between BACE1 amyloidogenic and amyloidolytic activities by altering BACE1/APP ratios. In Alzheimer disease brain tissue, we found an association between elevated levels of BACE1 and Aβ34. In mice, the deletion of one BACE1 gene copy reduced BACE1 amyloidolytic activity by ~ 50%. In cells, a stepwise increase of BACE1 but not APP expression promoted amyloidolytic cleavage resulting in dose-dependently increased Aβ34 levels. At the cellular level, a mislocalization of surplus BACE1 caused a reduction in Aβ34 levels. To align the role of γ-secretase in this pathway, we silenced Presenilin (PS) expression and identified PS2-γ-secretase as the main γ-secretase that generates Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides serving as substrates for BACE1’s amyloidolytic cleavage to generate Aβ34

Mechanisms of amyloid-β34 generation indicate a pivotal role for BACE1 in amyloid homeostasis

The beta‑site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) was discovered due to its "amyloidogenic" activity which contributes to the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. However, BACE1 also possesses an "amyloidolytic" activity, whereby it degrades longer Aβ peptides into a non‑toxic Aβ34 intermediate. Here, we examine conditions that shift the equilibrium between BACE1 amyloidogenic and amyloidolytic activities by altering BACE1/APP ratios. In Alzheimer disease brain tissue, we found an association between elevated levels of BACE1 and Aβ34. In mice, the deletion of one BACE1 gene copy reduced BACE1 amyloidolytic activity by ~ 50%. In cells, a stepwise increase of BACE1 but not APP expression promoted amyloidolytic cleavage resulting in dose-dependently increased Aβ34 levels. At the cellular level, a mislocalization of surplus BACE1 caused a reduction in Aβ34 levels. To align the role of γ-secretase in this pathway, we silenced Presenilin (PS) expression and identified PS2-γ-secretase as the main γ-secretase that generates Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides serving as substrates for BACE1's amyloidolytic cleavage to generate Aβ34

Hyperspectral Image Compression Using an Online Learning Method

A hyperspectral image compression method is proposed using an online dictionary learning approach. The online learning mechanism is aimed at utilizing least number of dictionary elements for each hyperspectral image under consideration. In order to meet this "sparsity constraint", basis pursuit algorithm is used. Hyperspectral imagery from AVIRIS datasets are used for testing purposes. Effects of non-zero dictionary elements on the compression performance are analyzed. Results indicate that, the proposed online dictionary learning algorithm may be utilized for higher data rates, as it performs better in terms of PSNR values, as compared with the state-of-the-art predictive lossy compression schemes

Sacral Insufficiency Fracture Presenting as Lumbar Spinal Pathology in an Osteoporotic Patient: A Case Report

Sacral insufficiency fractures are a rare type of osteoporotic fracture which mainly occurs in elderly osteoporotic patients without specific trauma. Low back and hip pain are the most frequent complaints associated with sacral insufficiency fracture. Thus, if sacral insufficiency fracture is not considered in the differential diagnosis, the diagnosis may be difficult or delayed. In this case report, we present a patient who attended our outpatient clinic with low back and leg pain and who was first diagnosed as having lumbosacral pathology according to magnetic resonance imaging findings. Our aim was to point out the difficulty in diagnosing sacral fracture and the delay in diagnosis and treatment. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2011;57 Suppl 2: 377-4

Parenteral systemic antifungal drugs and their clinical drug informations

Invasive fungal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in with patients immune-compromised conditions such as AIDS, cancer, diabetes and burn patients, neonates, organ transplant patients. Therefore, treatment of fungal infections is still a major problem. The drugs used to treat these infections are very limited due to toxicity or inappropriate pharmacokinetic properties. Nowadays, there are 3 molecules class used in the clinical for these infections: poylnes, azoles and echinocandins. Amphotericin B and lipid formulations have been used for a long time in the treatment of these infections. The development of new triazole derivatives has provided different treatment options (Fluconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole). In addition, three echinocandin derivatives (Caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin) have been approved for use in medication. The broad-spectrum triazoles and echinocandin derivative drugs have offer more effective and less toxic alternatives to antifungal therapy. This review provides a brief of the pharmacologic principles and clinical usage involved in treatment of systemic fungal infections. [Med-Science 2019; 8(1.000): 250-4

Comparison of Single Channel Indices for U-Net Based Segmentation of Vegetation in Satellite Images

Hyper-spectral satellite imagery, consisting of multiple visible or infrared bands, is extremely dense and weighty for deep operations. Regarding problems related to vegetation as, more specifically, tree segmentation, it is difficult to train deep architectures due to lack of large-scale satellite imagery. In this paper, we compare the success of different single channel indices, which are constructed from multiple bands, for the purpose of tree segmentation in a deep convolutional neural network ( CNN) architecture. The utilized indices are either hand-crafted such as excess green index (ExG) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or reconstructed from the visible bands using feature space transformation methods such as principle component analysis (PCA). For comparison, these features are fed to an identical CNN architecture, which is a standard U-Net-based symmetric encoder-decoder design with hierarchical skip connections and the segmentation success for each single index is recorded. Experimental results show that single bands, which are constructed from the vegetation indices and space transformations, can achieve similar segmentation performances as compared to that of the original multi-channel case

Aggressive vertebral hemangioma as a rare cause of myelopathy

Vertebral hemangiomas (VHs) are common lesions in the adult population. They are usually asymptomatic and found incidentally on radiological imaging. New-onset back pain followed by subacute progression of thoracal myelopathy is the most common presentation in patients with neurological deficit. Differential diagnoses would include metastasis, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, Paget disease, osseous tumors such as Ewing sarcoma or hemangioblastoma and blood dyscrasia. We present a 41 year-old-male patient with thoracal VH causing myelopathy that completely improved after rehabilitation program with embolization and vertebroplasty procedures

Osteopoikilosis associated with fibromyalgia and active myofascial trigger point in upper trapezius muscles

Osteopoikilosis is a sclerosing bone dysplasia, characterized by multiple oval spots of radiodensities within the trabecular bone. It occurs equally common among men and women. Prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1:50,000. Most reported cases have been found incidentally on roentgenograms taken for other purposes. We present a 58-year-old woman with OPK associated with fibromyalgia and active myofascial trigger point in upper trapezius muscles